Footwear Biomechanics Bibliography

Papers Incorporating Impact Testing Data

Clarke, T.E., E.C. Frederick. Dynamic load displacement characteristics of various midsole materials. J. Biomechanics 15(4): 340, 1982 A

Clarke, T.E., E.C.Frederick and L.B. Cooper. The effects of shoe cushioning upon selected force and temporal patterns in running. Med. Sci. Sports and Exercise 14(2): 144, 1982 A

Clarke, T. E. , E.C. Frederick and C.L. Hamill. The effect of shoe design upon rearfoot control in running. Med. Sci. in Sports Exercise 15(5): 376-381, 1983

Frederick, E. C. and T.E. Clarke. Body size and biomechanical consequences. In: R.C. Cantu and W.J. Gillespie (Eds.) Sports medicine, Sports Science: Bridging the Gap. pp. 47-57, Collamore Press, Lexington, MA 1982

Falsetti, H.L., E.R. Burke, R. Feld, E. C. Frederick and C. Ratering. Hematological variations after endurance running with hard and soft-soled running shoes. Physician and Sportsmedicine 11(8):118-127, 1983

Frederick, E. C., T. E. Clarke, J.L. Larsen and L.B. Cooper. The effects of shoe cushioning on the oxygen demands of running. In: Nigg, B.M. and B.A. Kerr (Eds.) Biomechanical Aspects of Sport Shoes and Playing Surfaces. The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, pp. 107-114, 1983

Clarke, T.E. , E. C. Frederick and L.B. Cooper. Biomechanical measurement of running shoe cushioning properties. ibid. pp. 25-34, 1983

Clarke, T.E., E. C. Frederick and L.B. Cooper. The effects of shoe cushioning upon ground reaction forces in running. Int. J. Sports Med. 4(4):247-251, 1983

Frederick, E.C., T.E. Clarke, C.L. Hamill. The effect of running shoe design on shock attenuation. In: E.C. Frederick (Ed.), Sport Shoes and Playing Surfaces, Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign, IL pp. 190-198, 1984 CH

Luethi, S.M., Nigg, B.M. and Bahlsen, H.A. (1984) The influence of varying shoe sole stiffnesses on impact forces in running. in Human Locomotion III, Proceedings of the 1984 Conference of the Canadian Society of Biomechanics.

Nigg, B.M., E.C. Frederick, M. Hawes & S. Luethi. Factors influencing short-term pain and injury in tennis. Int. J. Sports Biom. 2(3): 156-165, 1986

Luethi, S., E.C. Frederick, M. R. Hawes, and B.M. Nigg. Influence of shoe construction on lower extremity kinematics and load during lateral movements in tennis. Int. J. Sports Biom. 2 (3):166-174, 1986

Valiant, G. A., T. A. McMahon, and E.C. Frederick. A new test to evaluate the cushioning properties of athletic shoes. Biomechanics X -B pp. 937-941, 1987

Frederick, E.C., Anforderungen an die Konstruktion von Laufschuhen In: Segesser, B. and W. Pförringer (Eds.), Der Schuh im Sport, Erlangen, WG: Perimed Fachbuch-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1987 pp. 31-39 CH

Frederick, E.C., The Running Shoe: Dilemmas and Dichotomies in Design. In: Segesser, B. and W. Pförringer (Eds.), The Shoe In Sport, Yearbook Medical Publishers, Chicago 1989 pp. 26-35 CH

Dressendorfer, R.H., C.E. Wade, and E. C. Frederick. Effect of shoe cushioning on the development of Reticulocytosis in distance runners. Amer. J. Sports Med. 20(2):212-216, 1992

Papers Incorporating Traction Measurements

Bonstingel, R.W., Morehouse, C.A. and Niebel, B.W. (1975) Torques developed by different types of shoes on various playing surfaces. Med Sci Sports Ex. 7:127-131.

Frederick, E.C., Optimal Frictional Properties for Sport Shoes and Sport Surfaces. Biomechanics in Sports XI (International Soc. of Biomech. In Sports) 11:15-22, 1993

Perkins, P.J. and Wilson, M.P., Slip resistance testing of shoes - new developments. Ergonomics 26:73-82.

Rheinstein, D.J., Morehouse, C.A. and Niebel, B.W. Effects on traction of outsole composition and hardnesses of basketball shoes and three types of playing surfaces. Med Sci Sports Ex 10:282-288.

Schlaepfer, F., Unold, E. and Nigg, B.M. (1983) The frictional characteristics of tennis shoes. pp153-160 in Nigg,

Valiant, G.A., T. McGuirk, T.A. McMahon and E.C. Frederick. Static friction characteristics of cleated outsole samples. Med. Sci. Sports and Exercise 17(2): 156, 1985 A

Valiant G.A. (1986) The effect of outsole pattern on basketball shoe traction. Pp 29-37 in J. Terauds (Ed) Biomechanics in Sports III & IV. DelMar, CA, Academic Publishers.

Van Gheluwe, B., Deporte, E. and Hebbelinck, M. Frictional forces and torques of soccer shoes on artificial turf. pp161-168 in Nigg, B.M and Kerr, B.A (Eds) Biomechanical aspects of sports shoes and playing surfaces. University Printing, Calgary.

Papers Incorporating Flexibility Measurements

Bojsen-Moeller, F. (1978) The human foot, a two speed construction. pp 261-266 in Asmussen E. and Jorgensen, K. (Eds) Biomechanics VI-A., Baltimore, IL, University Park Press.

Bojsen-Moeller, F. (!979) Calcaneocuboid joint and stability of the longitudinal arch of the foot at high gear and low gear push-off. J. Anatomy, 129:165-176

Ferrandis, R., Garcia, R., Ramira, J., Hoyos, J and Vera, P. (1994) Rearfoot motion and torsion in running: the effects of upper vamp stabilisers. J. Applied Biomechanics 10:28-42.

Stacoff, A., Kaelin, X., Stuessi, E. and Segesser, B. (1989) The torsion of the foot in running. Int. J. Sports Biomechanics. 5: 375-389.

Stacoff, A., Kaelin, X. and Stuessi, E. (1991) The effects of shoes on torsion and rearfoot motion in running. Med Sci Sports Ex. 23:482-490.

General Footwear Biomechanics Research Publications:

Aerts, P. And De Clerq, D (1993) Deformation characteristics of the heel region of the shod foot during a simulated heel strike: the effect of varying midsole hardness. J. Sports Sci 11:449-461.

Alexander, R. McN. (1987) The spring in your step. New Scientist, April 30, 1987, pp 42-44.

Alexander, R. McN.(1988) The spring in your step: the role of elastic mechanisms in human running. Biomechanics XI-A (Edited by de Groot, G., Hollander, A. P., Huijing, P. A. and van Ingen Schenau, G. J.), pp. 17-25. Free University Press, Amsterdam.

Alexander, R. McN. (1991) Energy-saving mechanisms in walking and running. J. exp. Biol. 160: 55-69.

Alexander, R. McN. and Bennet Clark, H. C. (1977) Storage of strain energy in muscles and other tissues. Nature, Lond. 265, 114-117.

Areblad, M., Nigg. B.M. et al (1990) Three dimensional measurement of rearfoot control during running. J. Biomechanics 23: 933-940.

Aritomi, H., Morita, M. and Yonemoto, K. (1983) A simple method of measuring the footsole pressure of normal subjects using pre-scale pressure-detecting sheets. J. Biomechanics 16:157-165.

Bates, B., James, S.L. Osternig L.R., Sawhill, J and Hamill, J. (1982) Effects of running shoes on ground reaction forces. In Morecki & Fidelus (Eds) Biomechanics VII, University Park Press., Baltimore.

Bates, B., Osternig L.R., Mason, B. and James, S.L. (1978) Lower extremity function during the support phase of running. pp 30-39 in Asmussen et al (Eds) Biomechanics VI-B, University Park Press, Baltimore.

Bates, B., Osternig L.R., Mason, B. and James, S.L. (1979a) Foot orthotic devices to modify selected aspects of lower extremity mechanics. Am J Sports Med 7:338-342

Bates, B., Osternig L.R., Mason, B. and James, S.L. (1979b) Functional variability of the lower extremity during the support phase of running. Med Sci Sports Ex. 11: 328-331.

Bauer, H. (1970) The effect of high top and low cut football shoes on speed and agility. Athletic Journal 50:74.

Bennett, M.B. and Ker, R.F. (1990) The mechanical properties of the human subcalcaneal fat pad in compression. J. Anatomy. 171: 131-138.

Bergman , G., Kniggendorf, H., Graichen, F. and Rohlmann, A. (1995) Influence of shoes and heel strike on the loading of the hip joint. J. Biomechanics 28:817-827.

Bojsen-Moeller, F. (1978) The human foot, a two speed construction. pp 261-266 in Asmussen E. and Jorgensen, K. (Eds) Biomechanics VI-A., Baltimore, IL, University Park Press.

Bojsen-Moeller, F. (!979) Calcaneocuboid joint and stability of the longitudinal arch of the foot at high gear and low gear push-off. J. Anatomy, 129:165-176

Bonstingel, R.W., Morehouse, C.A. and Niebel, B.W. (1975) Torques developed by different types of shoes on various playing surfaces. Med Sci Sports Ex. 7:127-131.

Bowers, K.D. and Martin, R.B. (1974) Impact absorption, new and old Astroturf at West Virginia University. Med Sci Sports Ex. 6:217-221.

Bowers, K.D. and Martin, R.B. (1975) Cleat surface friction on new and old Astroturf. Med Sci Sports Ex. 7:132. (Abstract)

Bowers, K.D. and Martin, R.B. (1976) Turf-toe: a shoe-surface related football injury. Med Sci Sports Ex. 8(2):81-83.

Brubaker, C.E., and James, S.L. (1974). Injuries to runners. Journal of Sports Medicine, 2,
189-199.

Caitlin, M.E., and Dressenhofer, R.F. (1979). Effects of shoe weight on the energy cost of running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 11, 80.

Cavanagh, P.R. (1978) A technique for averaging centre of pressure paths from a force platform. J. Biomech 11: 487-491.

Cavanagh, P.R. (1980) The Running Shoe Book. Anderson World, Moutain View, CA.

Cavanagh, P.R. and Ae, M. (1980) A technique for the display of pressure distribution data beneath the foot. J. Biomech 13:69-75.

Cavanagh, P.R. and Hennig E.M. (1982) A new device for the measurement of pressure distribution on a rigid surface. Med. Sci Sports Ex. 14: 153.

Cavanagh, P.R., Hinrichs, R.W., and Williams, K.R. (1980). Testing procedure for the 1981 Runner's World shoe survey. Runner's World, 15, 33-49.

Cavanagh, P. R. and Lafortune, M. A. (1980) Ground reaction forces in distance running. J. Biomech. 13, 397-406.

Cavanagh, P.R., Valiant, G.A. and Misevich, K.W. (1984) Biological aspects of modelling shoe/foot interaction during running. Pp 24-46 in E.C. Frederick (Ed) Human Kinetics, Illinois.

Cavanagh, P.R., Williams, K.R., and Clarke, T.E. (1981) A comparison of ground reaction forces during walking barefoot and in shoes. pp151-156 in Morecki et al (Eds) Biomechanics VII-B, University Park Press.

Chu., M.L., Yasdani-Ardakani, S. Gradisar, I.A. & Askew, M.J. (1986) An in vivo simulation study of impulsive force transmission along the lower skeletal extremity. J. Biomech 19:979-987

Clarke, T.E., Cooper, L.B. , Clark, D.E. & Hamill, C.L. (1985) The effect of increased running speed upon peak shank deceleration during ground contact. Pp 101-105 in. Winter et al (Eds) Biomechanics IX-B, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Clarke, T. E., Frederick, E. C. and Cooper, L. B. (1983a) Biomechanical measurement of running shoe cushioning properties. Biomechanical Aspects of Sports Shoes and Playing Surfaces (Edited by Nigg, B. M. and Kerr, B. A.), pp. 25-34. The University of Calgary, Calgary.

Clarke, T. E., Frederick, E. C. and Cooper, L. B. (1983b) Effects of shoe cushioning upon ground reaction forces in running. Int. J. Sports Medicine 4:247-251.

Clarke, T. E., Frederick, E. C. and Hamill, C.L. (1983) The effects of shoe design parameters on rearfoot control during running. Med Sci Sports Ex. 15:376-381.

Clarke, T.E., Frederick, E.C., and Hamill, C.L. (1984). The study of rearfoot movement in running. In E.C. Frederick (Ed.), Sport shoes and playing surfaces (pp. 166-189). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers

Clarke, T.E. , E.C. Frederick and H. F. Hlavac. The effects of a soft orthotic upon rearfoot control in running. Podiatric Sports Medicine 1(1): 20-23, 1983

Clarke, T. E. , E.C. Frederick and C.L. Hamill. The effect of shoe design upon rearfoot control in running. Med. Sci. in Sports Exercise 15(5): 376-381, 1983

Clarke, T.E., E.C. Frederick, C.L. Hamill. The study of rearfoot movement in running. In: E.C. Frederick (Ed.), Sport Shoes and Playing Surfaces, Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign, IL pp. 166-189, 1984 CH

Clement, D.B., Taunton, J.E., and Smart, G.W. (1984). Achilles tendinitis and peritendinitis: Etiology and treatment. American Joumal of Sports Medicine, 12, 179-184.

Clement, D.B., Taunton, J.E., Smart. G.W. and McNichol, K.L. (1981) A survey of overuse injuries in running. Physician and Sportsmedicine 9:47-58

Clement, D.B., Taunton, J.E. Wiley, J.P., Smart. G.W. and McNichol, K.L. (1982) Investigation of metabolic efficiency in runners with and without corrective orthotic devices. Int. J. Sports Med. 2: 14-15.

Cole, G.K., Nigg. B.M., Fick, G.H and Morlock, M. M. (1995) internal loading of the foot and ankle during impact in running. J. Applied Biomechanics 11: 25-46.

Cornwall, M.W. and McPoil, T.G. (1993) Reducing 2-dimensional rearfoot motion variability during walking. J. Am Podiatr Ass. 83:394-397.

Cornwall, M.W. and McPoil, T.G. (1995) Comparison of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional rearfoot motion during walking. Clinical Biomechanics 10: 36-40.

Cox, J.S. (1985) Patellofemoral problems in runners. Clinics in Sports Medicine 4:699-715.

D'Ambrosia, R., and Douglas, R. (1982). Orthotics. In R. D'Ambrosia and D. Drez (Eds.), Prevention and treatment of running injuries. New Jersey: Slade.

De Clercq, D. Aerts, P and Kunnen, M. (1994) The mechnical characteristics of the human heel pad during foot strike in running: an in vivo cineradiographics study. J. Biomechanics 27: 1213-1222.

Denoth, J. (1983). A method to measure mechanical properties of soles and playing surfaces. In B.M. Nigg and B.A. Keff (Eds.), Biomechanical aspects of sport shoes and playing surfaces (pp. 43-50). Calgary: University Printing.

Detmer D.E. (1986) Chronic shin splints classification and management of medial tibial stress syndrome. Sports Medicine 3: 436-446.

Dickinson, J.A., Cook, S.D. & Leinhardt T.M. (1985) The measurement of shock waves following heel strike during running J. Biomech 18: 415-422.

Edington, C.J., E.C. Frederick, & P.R. Cavanagh. Rearfoot motion in distance running. In: P.R.Cavanagh (Editor) Biomechanics of Distance Running, Human Kinetics Publ. Champaign, IL . 1990. pp. 135-164 CH

Engsberg, J.R. (1987) A biomechanical analysis of the talocalcaneal joint - in vitro. J. Biomechanics 20: 429-442.

Engsberg, J.R. and Andrews J.G. (1987) kinematic analysis of the talocalcaneal/talocrural joint during running support. Med Sci Sports Ex 19:169-184.

Falsetti, H.L., Burke, E.R. Feld, R.D., Frederick, E.C. and Ratering, C. (1983) Hematological variations after endurance running with hard and soft-soled shoes. Physician and Sportsmedicine 11(8):118-127

Ferrandis, R., Garcia, R., Ramira, J., Hoyos, J and Vera, P. (1994) Rearfoot motion and torsion in running: the effects of upper vamp stabilisers. J. Applied Biomechanics 10:28-42.

Frederick, E. C., Physiological and ergonomics factors in running shoe design. Applied Ergonomics 15(4): 281-287, 1984

Frederick, E.C. (Ed.), Sport Shoes and Playing Surfaces, Human Kinetics Publishers, Champaign, IL 280p, 1984

Frederick, E. C., J.T. Daniels and J.W. Hayes The effect of shoe weight on the aerobic demands of running. In: Bachl, N. , L. Prokop, and R. Suckert (Eds.) Current Topics in Sports Medicine, Proceedings of the World Congress of Sports Medicine. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Vienna, pp. 616-625, 1984

Frederick, E. C. (1986) Kinematically mediated effects of sport shoe design: a review. J. Sports Sci. 4, 169-184.

Frederick, E.C., Clarke, T.E. and Hamill, C.L. (1984) The effect of running shoe design on shock attenuation. Pp 190-198 n E.C. Frederick, (Ed) Sports Shoes and Playing Surfaces: their Biomechanical Properties. Champaign, IL; Human Kinetics

Frederick, E. C., Clarke, T. E., Larsen, J. L. and Cooper, L. B. (1983) The effects of shoe cushioning on the oxygen demands of running. Biomechanical Aspects of Sports Shoes and Playing Surfaces (Edited by Nigg, B. M. and Kerr, B. A.), pp. 107-114. The University of Calgary, Calgary.

Frederick, E. C. Measuring the effects of shoes and surfaces on the economy of locomotion. In: Nigg, B.M. and B.A. Kerr (Eds.) Biomechanical Aspects of Sport Shoes and Playing Surfaces. The University of Calgary, pp. 93-106, 1983

Frederick , E. C. The energy cost of load carriage on the feet during running. In: Winter, D.A., R. W. Norman, R. P. Wells, K. C. Hayes, and A. E. Patla (Editors), Biomechanics IX-B Human Kinetics Publ., Champaign, IL, pp.295-300, 1985

Frederick, E.C. Scale effects in running. In: P.R.Cavanagh (Editor) Biomechanics of Distance Running, Human Kinetics Publ. Champaign, IL. 1990. pp. 307-320 CH

Frederick, E. C. & K. P. Hartner. The Evolution of Foot Pressure Measurement Technologies. Sensors 10(6):30-35 1993

Frederick, E. C. Biomechanical consequences of sport shoe design. In: Pandolf, K. B. (Ed.),Exercise and Sports Sciences Reviews, Volume 14, Chapter 13, pp. 375-400, New York: Macmillan-Collamore, 1986 CH

Frederick, E. C. Kinematically mediated effects of sport shoe design. J Spts Sci. 4: 169-184, 1986

Frederick, E.C.and J.L. Hagy. Factors influencing peak vertical ground reaction forces in running Intern. J. Sports Biomech. 2:41-49, 1986

Frederick, E.C., E.T. Howley, S.K. Powers. Lower oxygen cost while running in soft soled shoes. Research Quarterly 57: 174-177 , 1986

Frederick, E.C., Howley, E. T., Hamill, C.L. and Cooper. L.B. (1984) Ventilatory contributions to shock attenuation. Med. Sci. Sports. Ex. 16: 185.

Frederick, E.C., Howley, E.T., and Powers, S.K. (1980). Lower O2 cost while running on air cushion type shoe. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 12, 81-82.

Frederick, E. C., and Powers, S. K. (1986) Lower oxygen demands of running in soft soled shoes. Res. Quart. Ex. Sport 57, 174-177.

Frederick, E. C. & J. A. Himmelsbach. Biomechanics of Court Sports. Proceedings of the Ninth Biomechanics Seminar (Edited by Christian Högfors & Gunnar Andréasson), pp. 1-19, Göteborg, Sweden, 1995

Fukuda H. (1988) Biomechanical analysis of landing on surfaces with different stiffnesses. Biomechanics XI-B (Edited by de Groot, G., Hollander, A. P., Huijing, P. A. and van Ingen Schenau, G. J.), pp 679-684. Free University Press, Amsterdam.

Gardner, L.I et al (1988) Prevention of lower extrmity stress fractures: a controlled trial of a shock absorbent insole. Am J. Public Health 78: 1563-1567.

Glieck, J.A. (1987) Running shoes waste natural energy of feet. New York Times, June 2, 1987, p 19.

Gross, T.S. and Nelson R.C. (1988) The shock attenuation role of the ankle during landing from a vertical jump. Med Sci Sports Ex 20: 506-514.

Hamill, J., Bates, B.T. and Holt, K.G. (1992). Timing of lower extremity joint actions during treadmill running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24(7):807-813.

Hamill, J., Bates, B.T., Knutzen, K.M. and Sawhill, J.A. (1983) Variations in ground reaction force parameters at different running speeds. Human Movement Science, 2: 47-56.

Hamill, J., Bates, B.T., & Knutzen, K.M. (1984) Ground reaction force symmetry during walking and running. Research Quarterly, 55:289-293.

Hamill, J., Freedson, P.S., Boda, W., and Reichsman, F. (1987). Effects of shoe type and cardiorespiratory responses and rearfoot motion during treadmill running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20, 515-521.

Hamill, J. Freedson, P.S., Boda, W. And Reichsman, F. (1988) Effects of shoe type on cardiorespiratory responses and rearfoot motion during treadmill running. Med Sci Sports Ex. 20:515-521.

Hawes, M.R. and Sovak, D. (1994) Quantitative morphology of the human foot in a North American population. Ergonomics 37:1213-1226.

Hayes, J., Smith, L., and Sanpietro, F. (1983). The effect of orthotics on the aerobic demands of running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 15, 169.

Hennig, E.M and Rosenbaum, D. (1991) Pressure distribution under the feet of children in comparison with adults. Foot and Ankle 11:306-311.

Hennig, E.M., Cavanagh, P.R. and Macmillan, N.H. (1983) Pressure distribution easurements by high precision piezo-ceramic force transducers. pp 1081-1088 in H. Matsui and K. Kobayashi (Eds) Biomechanics VII-B, Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics.

Hennig, E.M. & Lafortune, M.A. (1988) Tibial bone and skin accelerations during running. In C.E. Cotton et al (Eds) Proc 5th Biennial Conf. And Human Locomotion Symposium of the Canadian Society of Biomechanics (pp 94-95) Ottowa: University of Ottowa, Dept. Kinanthropometry.

Hennig, E.M. & Lafortune, M.A. (1991) Relationships between ground reaction force and tibial acceleration parameters. Int. J. Sports Biomech 7: 303-309.

Hennig, E.M., Valiant G.A. & Liu,Q. (1993) Relationships between perception of cushioning and pressure distribution parameters in running shoes. Pp564-565 in Bioouisett et al (Eds) Biomechanics XIV Paris: International Society of Biomechanics.

Hlavac, H. F. (1977). The Foot Book.Mountain View, CA: Anderson World Inc.

Holden J.P., Cavanagh, P.R., Williams, K.R., and Bednarski, K.R. (1983). Foot angles during walking and running. In D.A. Winter, R.W. Norman, R.P. Wells, K.C. Hayes and A.E. Patla (Eds.), Biomechanics IX-A, 451-457, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.

Inman, V.T. (1976). The joints of the ankle. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co.

Jackson, D.W. (1978). Shinsplints: an update. Physician Sports Medicine, 6, 49-68.

James, S.L., Bates, B.T. and Osternig,. L.R. (1978) Injuries to runners. Am. J. Sports Medicine 6: 40-49.

Kaelin, X., Unold, E., Stuessi, E., and Stacoff, A. (1985). Interindividual and intraindividual variabilities in running. In D. Winter (Ed.), Biomechanics IX-B (pp. 356-360). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

Ker, R. F., Bennett, M. B., Bibby, S. R., Kester, R. C. and Alexander, R. McN. (1987) The spring in the arch of the human foot. Nature, Lond. 325, 147-149.

Kernozek, T.W. and Ricard, M.D. (1990). Foot placement angle and arch type: effect on rearfoot motion. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 71, 988-991.

Kinoshita, H. Ogawa, T., Kuzuhara, K. And Ikuta, K. (1993) In vivo examination of the dynamic properties of the human heel pad. Int. J. Sports Med. 14: 312-319.

Krahenbuhl, G.S. (1974) Speed of movement with varying footwear conditions on synthetic turf and natural grass. Research Quarterly 45:28-33.

Krissoff, W.B., and Ferris, W.D. (1979). Runner's injuries. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 7:12, 55-64.

Leach, R. (1982). Running injuries of the knee. In R. D'Ambrosia and D. Drez (Eds.), Prevention and treatment of running injuries (pp. 55-75). New Jersey: Slade.

Lafortune, M.A. (1991) Three-dimensional acceleration of the tibia during walking and running. J. Biomechanics 24: 877-886.

Lafortune, M.A., Lake, M.J. and Hennig, E.M. (1995) Transfer function between tibial acceleration and ground reaction force. J. Biomechanics 28:113-117.

Lafortune, M.A. & Hennig, E.M. (1988) Effects of velocity and uphill slope on tibial shock during running. In C.E. Cotton et al (Eds) Proc 5th Biennial Conf. And Human Locomotion Symposium of the Canadian Society of Biomechanics (pp 74-75) Ottowa: University of Ottowa, Dept. Kinanthropometry.

Lafortune, M.A. & Hennig, E.M. (1989) Contribution of angular motion and gravity to tibial acceleration . In R.J. Gregor et al (Eds) Proc XII international Congress of Biomechanics. Los Angeles, UCLA, Dept of Kinesiology #334.

Lafortune, M.A. & Hennig, E.M. (1992) Cushioning properties of footwear during walking: accelerometer and force platform measurements. Clinical Biomechanics 7: 181-184.

Light, L.H., McLellan, G.E. and Klenerman, L. (1980) Skeletal transients on heel strike in normal walking with different footwear. J. Biomechanics 13: 477-480.

MacLellan, G.E. & Vyvyan, B. (1981) Management of pain beneath the heel and Achilles tendonitis with viscoelastic heel inserts.. Brit. J. Sports Medicine 15, 117-121.

Marcus, B. (1983). The influence of footwear and surfaces on performance and injury potential in running. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Imperial College, University of London.

McClay, I. S., J. R. Robinson, T. P. Andriacci, E. C. Frederick, T. Gross, P. Martin, G. Valiant, K. R. Williams & P.R. Cavanagh. A kinematic profile of skills in professional basketball players. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10(3):205-221, 1994

McClay, I. S., J. R. Robinson, T. P. Andriacci, E. C. Frederick, T. Gross, P. Martin, G. Valiant, K. R. Williams & P.R. Cavanagh. A profile of ground reaction forces in professional basketball players. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 10(3):222-236, 1994

McKenzie, D.C. Clement, D.B. & taunton, J.D. (1985) Running shoes, orthotics and injuries. Sports Medicine 2: 334-337.

McMahon, T.A. (1987) The spring in the human foot. Nature, Lond. 325, 108-109.

McMahon, T. A. and Greene, P. R. (1978) Fast running tracks. Scientific American 239:148-163.

McMahon, T. A. and Greene, P. R. (1979) The influence of track compliance on running. J. Biomech 12:893-904.

McMahon, T. A., Valiant, G.A. and Frederick, E.C. (1987) Groucho running. Journal of Applied Physiology 62: 2326-2337.

Messier, S.P. and Pittala, K.A. 91988) Etiologic factors associated with selected running injuries. Med Sci Sports Ex. 20: 501-505.

Milani, T.L., Schnabel, G and Hennig, E.M. (1995) Rearfoot motion and pressure distribution patterns during running in shoes with varus and valgus wedges. J. Applied Biomechanics 11: 177-187.

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